Religious affiliation and COVID-19-related mortality: a retrospective cohort study of prelockdown and postlockdown risks in England and Wales.
Identifieur interne : 000183 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000182; suivant : 000184Religious affiliation and COVID-19-related mortality: a retrospective cohort study of prelockdown and postlockdown risks in England and Wales.
Auteurs : Charlotte Hannah Gaughan [Royaume-Uni] ; Daniel Ayoubkhani [Royaume-Uni] ; Vahe Nafilyan [Royaume-Uni] ; Peter Goldblatt [Royaume-Uni] ; Chris White [Royaume-Uni] ; Karen Tingay [Royaume-Uni] ; Neil Bannister [Royaume-Uni]Source :
- Journal of epidemiology and community health [ 1470-2738 ] ; 2021.
Abstract
BACKGROUND
COVID-19 mortality risk is associated with demographic and behavioural factors; furthermore, religious gatherings have been linked with the spread of COVID-19. We sought to understand the variation in risk of COVID-19-related death across religious groups in England and Wales both before and after the first national lockdown.
METHODS
We conducted a retrospective cohort study of usual residents in England and Wales enumerated at the 2011 Census (n=47 873 294, estimated response rate 94%) for risk of death involving COVID-19 using linked death certificates. Cox regression models were estimated to compare risks between religious groups. Time-dependent coefficients were added to the model allowing HRs before and after lockdown period to be estimated separately.
RESULTS
Compared with Christians, all religious groups had an elevated risk of death involving COVID-19; the largest age-adjusted HRs were for Muslim and Jewish males at 2.5 (95% CI 2.3 to 2.7) and 2.1 (95% CI 1.9 to 2.5), respectively. The corresponding HRs for Muslim and Jewish females were 1.9 (95% CI 1.7 to 2.1) and 1.5 (95% CI 1.7 to 2.1), respectively. The difference in risk between groups contracted after lockdown. Those who affiliated with no religion had the lowest risk of COVID-19-related death before and after lockdown.
CONCLUSION
The majority of the variation in COVID-19 mortality risk was explained by controlling for sociodemographic and geographic determinants; however, those of Jewish affiliation remained at a higher risk of death compared with all other groups. Lockdown measures were associated with reduced differences in COVID-19 mortality rates between religious groups; further research is required to understand the causal mechanisms.
DOI: 10.1136/jech-2020-215694
PubMed: 33408165
PubMed Central: PMC7789199
Affiliations:
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White</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Health Analysis, Office for National Statistics, Newport, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Health Analysis, Office for National Statistics, Newport</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Newport</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tingay, Karen" sort="Tingay, Karen" uniqKey="Tingay K" first="Karen" last="Tingay">Karen Tingay</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Methodology, Office for National Statistics, Newport, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Methodology, Office for National Statistics, Newport</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Newport</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bannister, Neil" sort="Bannister, Neil" uniqKey="Bannister N" first="Neil" last="Bannister">Neil Bannister</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Health Analysis, Office for National Statistics, Newport, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Health Analysis, Office for National Statistics, Newport</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Newport</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2021">2021</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:33408165</idno><idno type="pmid">33408165</idno><idno type="doi">10.1136/jech-2020-215694</idno><idno type="pmc">PMC7789199</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000406</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000406</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">000406</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Curation">000406</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">000406</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Religious affiliation and COVID-19-related mortality: a retrospective cohort study of prelockdown and postlockdown risks in England and Wales.</title><author><name sortKey="Gaughan, Charlotte Hannah" sort="Gaughan, Charlotte Hannah" uniqKey="Gaughan C" first="Charlotte Hannah" last="Gaughan">Charlotte Hannah Gaughan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Methodology, Office for National Statistics, Newport, UK charlotte.gaughan@ons.gov.uk.</nlm:affiliation><country wicri:rule="url">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Methodology, Office for National Statistics, Newport</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Newport</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ayoubkhani, Daniel" sort="Ayoubkhani, Daniel" uniqKey="Ayoubkhani D" first="Daniel" last="Ayoubkhani">Daniel Ayoubkhani</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Methodology, Office for National Statistics, Newport, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Methodology, Office for National Statistics, Newport</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Newport</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nafilyan, Vahe" sort="Nafilyan, Vahe" uniqKey="Nafilyan V" first="Vahe" last="Nafilyan">Vahe Nafilyan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Methodology, Office for National Statistics, Newport, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Methodology, Office for National Statistics, Newport</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Newport</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goldblatt, Peter" sort="Goldblatt, Peter" uniqKey="Goldblatt P" first="Peter" last="Goldblatt">Peter Goldblatt</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>UCL Institute of Health Equity, University College London, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>UCL Institute of Health Equity, University College London, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName><orgName type="university">University College de Londres</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="White, Chris" sort="White, Chris" uniqKey="White C" first="Chris" last="White">Chris White</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Health Analysis, Office for National Statistics, Newport, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Health Analysis, Office for National Statistics, Newport</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Newport</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tingay, Karen" sort="Tingay, Karen" uniqKey="Tingay K" first="Karen" last="Tingay">Karen Tingay</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Methodology, Office for National Statistics, Newport, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Methodology, Office for National Statistics, Newport</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Newport</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bannister, Neil" sort="Bannister, Neil" uniqKey="Bannister N" first="Neil" last="Bannister">Neil Bannister</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Health Analysis, Office for National Statistics, Newport, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Health Analysis, Office for National Statistics, Newport</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Newport</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of epidemiology and community health</title><idno type="eISSN">1470-2738</idno><imprint><date when="2021" type="published">2021</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>BACKGROUND</b></p><p>COVID-19 mortality risk is associated with demographic and behavioural factors; furthermore, religious gatherings have been linked with the spread of COVID-19. We sought to understand the variation in risk of COVID-19-related death across religious groups in England and Wales both before and after the first national lockdown.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>METHODS</b></p><p>We conducted a retrospective cohort study of usual residents in England and Wales enumerated at the 2011 Census (n=47 873 294, estimated response rate 94%) for risk of death involving COVID-19 using linked death certificates. Cox regression models were estimated to compare risks between religious groups. Time-dependent coefficients were added to the model allowing HRs before and after lockdown period to be estimated separately.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>RESULTS</b></p><p>Compared with Christians, all religious groups had an elevated risk of death involving COVID-19; the largest age-adjusted HRs were for Muslim and Jewish males at 2.5 (95% CI 2.3 to 2.7) and 2.1 (95% CI 1.9 to 2.5), respectively. The corresponding HRs for Muslim and Jewish females were 1.9 (95% CI 1.7 to 2.1) and 1.5 (95% CI 1.7 to 2.1), respectively. The difference in risk between groups contracted after lockdown. Those who affiliated with no religion had the lowest risk of COVID-19-related death before and after lockdown.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>CONCLUSION</b></p><p>The majority of the variation in COVID-19 mortality risk was explained by controlling for sociodemographic and geographic determinants; however, those of Jewish affiliation remained at a higher risk of death compared with all other groups. Lockdown measures were associated with reduced differences in COVID-19 mortality rates between religious groups; further research is required to understand the causal mechanisms.</p></div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="Publisher" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">33408165</PMID><DateRevised><Year>2021</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>11</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1470-2738</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><PubDate><Year>2021</Year><Month>Jan</Month><Day>06</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Journal of epidemiology and community health</Title><ISOAbbreviation>J Epidemiol Community Health</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Religious affiliation and COVID-19-related mortality: a retrospective cohort study of prelockdown and postlockdown risks in England and Wales.</ArticleTitle><ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">jech-2020-215694</ELocationID><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1136/jech-2020-215694</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="BACKGROUND" NlmCategory="BACKGROUND">COVID-19 mortality risk is associated with demographic and behavioural factors; furthermore, religious gatherings have been linked with the spread of COVID-19. We sought to understand the variation in risk of COVID-19-related death across religious groups in England and Wales both before and after the first national lockdown.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="METHODS" NlmCategory="METHODS">We conducted a retrospective cohort study of usual residents in England and Wales enumerated at the 2011 Census (n=47 873 294, estimated response rate 94%) for risk of death involving COVID-19 using linked death certificates. Cox regression models were estimated to compare risks between religious groups. Time-dependent coefficients were added to the model allowing HRs before and after lockdown period to be estimated separately.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="RESULTS" NlmCategory="RESULTS">Compared with Christians, all religious groups had an elevated risk of death involving COVID-19; the largest age-adjusted HRs were for Muslim and Jewish males at 2.5 (95% CI 2.3 to 2.7) and 2.1 (95% CI 1.9 to 2.5), respectively. The corresponding HRs for Muslim and Jewish females were 1.9 (95% CI 1.7 to 2.1) and 1.5 (95% CI 1.7 to 2.1), respectively. The difference in risk between groups contracted after lockdown. Those who affiliated with no religion had the lowest risk of COVID-19-related death before and after lockdown.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="CONCLUSION" NlmCategory="CONCLUSIONS">The majority of the variation in COVID-19 mortality risk was explained by controlling for sociodemographic and geographic determinants; however, those of Jewish affiliation remained at a higher risk of death compared with all other groups. Lockdown measures were associated with reduced differences in COVID-19 mortality rates between religious groups; further research is required to understand the causal mechanisms.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gaughan</LastName><ForeName>Charlotte Hannah</ForeName><Initials>CH</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3349-3062</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Methodology, Office for National Statistics, Newport, UK charlotte.gaughan@ons.gov.uk.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ayoubkhani</LastName><ForeName>Daniel</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Methodology, Office for National Statistics, Newport, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Nafilyan</LastName><ForeName>Vahe</ForeName><Initials>V</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Methodology, Office for National Statistics, Newport, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Goldblatt</LastName><ForeName>Peter</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>UCL Institute of Health Equity, University College London, London, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>White</LastName><ForeName>Chris</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Health Analysis, Office for National Statistics, Newport, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>TIngay</LastName><ForeName>Karen</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Methodology, Office for National Statistics, Newport, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bannister</LastName><ForeName>Neil</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Health Analysis, Office for National Statistics, Newport, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2021</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>06</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>J Epidemiol Community Health</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>7909766</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0143-005X</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">COVID-19</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">epidemiology</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">social inequalities</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">socio-economic</Keyword></KeywordList><CoiStatement>Competing interests: The authors (except PG) are employees of the UK Civil Service. PG is an advisor at the University College London Institute of Health Equality.</CoiStatement></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2020</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>01</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised"><Year>2020</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>30</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2020</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>13</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2021</Year><Month>1</Month><Day>7</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2021</Year><Month>1</Month><Day>8</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2021</Year><Month>1</Month><Day>8</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>aheadofprint</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">33408165</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">jech-2020-215694</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1136/jech-2020-215694</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC7789199</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><ReferenceList><Reference><Citation>Int J Epidemiol. 2006 Aug;35(4):888-901</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">16585055</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Ann Transl Med. 2018 Apr;6(7):121</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">29955581</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Int J Infect Dis. 2020 Jul;96:219-221</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32389851</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Nature. 2020 Aug;584(7821):430-436</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32640463</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Arch Dis Child. 2007 Oct;92(10):922-6</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">17895342</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Am J Public Health. 2019 Mar;109(3):379-384</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">30676797</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Am J Public Health. 2014 Jan;104(1):117-23</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">24228644</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference></ReferenceList></PubmedData></pubmed><affiliations><list><country><li>Royaume-Uni</li></country><region><li>Angleterre</li><li>Grand Londres</li></region><settlement><li>Londres</li></settlement><orgName><li>University College de Londres</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="Royaume-Uni"><noRegion><name sortKey="Gaughan, Charlotte Hannah" sort="Gaughan, Charlotte Hannah" uniqKey="Gaughan C" first="Charlotte Hannah" last="Gaughan">Charlotte Hannah Gaughan</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Ayoubkhani, Daniel" sort="Ayoubkhani, Daniel" uniqKey="Ayoubkhani D" first="Daniel" last="Ayoubkhani">Daniel Ayoubkhani</name><name sortKey="Bannister, Neil" sort="Bannister, Neil" uniqKey="Bannister N" first="Neil" last="Bannister">Neil Bannister</name><name sortKey="Goldblatt, Peter" sort="Goldblatt, Peter" uniqKey="Goldblatt P" first="Peter" last="Goldblatt">Peter Goldblatt</name><name sortKey="Nafilyan, Vahe" sort="Nafilyan, Vahe" uniqKey="Nafilyan V" first="Vahe" last="Nafilyan">Vahe Nafilyan</name><name sortKey="Nafilyan, Vahe" sort="Nafilyan, Vahe" uniqKey="Nafilyan V" first="Vahe" last="Nafilyan">Vahe Nafilyan</name><name sortKey="Tingay, Karen" sort="Tingay, Karen" uniqKey="Tingay K" first="Karen" last="Tingay">Karen Tingay</name><name sortKey="White, Chris" sort="White, Chris" uniqKey="White C" first="Chris" last="White">Chris White</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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